Offspring remain with their mother for nearly the first three years of their lives. [1][26] Fossil remains suggest their occurrence farther north in the Pleistocene; sun bears may have occurred as far south as Java (Indonesia) in the middle to late Pleistocene. [26], Sun bears lead the most arboreal (tree-living) lifestyle among all bears. [1] A litter typically comprises one or two cubs weighing around 325 grams (11 1⁄2 ounces) each. [9], The sun bear was first described in 1821 from Sumatra by British statesman Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles, who gave it the scientific name Ursus malayanus. The IUCN has listed this species as vulnerable. Helarctos malayanus euryspilus Horsfield, 1825. kingdom Animalia - animals » phylum Chordata - chordates » class Mammalia - mammals » order Carnivora - carnivores » family Ursidae - bears » genus Helarctos » species Helarctos malayanus - Malayan Sun Bear They occur in montane areas in northeast India, but may not extend farther north into the unfavourable and colder Himalayan region; their distribution might be restricted to the northwest due to competition with sloth bears. [14] In 1906, Richard Lydekker proposed another subspecies by the name H. m. wardii for a sun bear skull, noting its similarities to a skull from Tibet with a thicker coat; however the Tibetan specimen was later found to be an Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus). Litters comprise one or two cubs that remain with their mother for around three years. They also break termite mounds and quickly lick and suck the contents, holding pieces of the broken mound with their front paws. [3][34] They are mainly active during the day, though nocturnality might be more common in areas frequented by humans. [3][26] Sun bears can expose the patch while standing on their hindfeet as a threat display against enemies. [65] Hunting pressure is rising even in some protected areas; in the Nam Ha National Protected Area in Laos, hunter snares have been found that specifically target bears. More than 500,000 images and video clips online, from tigers to turtles and elephants to sharks. [30] The sympatric Asian black bear has cream-coloured chest markings of a similar shape as those of sun bears; a 2008 study discussed differences in claw markings of both bears as a means of identification. [37] Cubs are born deaf with eyes closed. [3][34] Reported lengths for pregnancies vary from 95 to 240 days; pregnancy tends to be longer in zoos in temperate climate possibly due to delay in implantation or fertilisation. [24] However, the phylogenetic tree constructed by a nuclear gene sequencing analysis in 2008 swapped the positions of the sun bear and the sloth bear obtained in the previous study; moreover, all relationships other these two positions were well resolved. [8][37][38] It is also an efficient swimmer. The eyes open at nearly 25 days but they remain blind till 50 days after birth; the sense of hearing improves over the first 50 days. They are short haired with deep black or brown-black fur with a horseshoe shaped marking on a chest of pale orange yellow.They have a curious gait, in that all the legs are turned inward while walking. There was evidence of pet trade and sale of sun bear parts such as gall bladders in traditional Chinese medicine shops in Sabah and Sarawak. Here we correlate behavioral and vocal patterns in a Bornean sun bear (Helarctos malayanus euryspilus) mother and cub with ambient noise levels during the 6‐month post‐partum period. Sun bears tend to remain solitary but sometimes occur in pairs (such as a mother and her cub). [3][6] Another name is 'honey bear' (beruang madu in Malay), in reference to its habit of feeding on honey from honeycombs. It is the smallest of the bears, and one of the two species found south of the equator (the other is the spectacled bear of South America). The Malayan Sun Bears weight can range from 60 to 145 pounds, with males being slightly larger. [51][52] Oestrus lasts five to seven days. The Malayan Sun Bear is referred by local people as the "dog bear." [8][35][36] The sun bear is an excellent climber; it sunbathes or sleeps in trees 2 to 7 metres (7 to 23 feet) above the ground. [4][26] The overall unique morphology of this bear—inward-turned front feet, flattened chest, powerful forelimbs with large claws—indicates adaptations for extensive climbing. [8][37] Sun bears stand on their hindfeet for a broader view of their surroundings or smell far-off objects; they try to intimidate their enemies by displaying the chest patch if threatened. Poaching is common in several countries in the region. Terms of Use    [3] Two whirls occur on the shoulders, from whence the hair radiates in all directions. [1][60], According to the IUCN Bear Specialist Group, sun bear populations have fallen by an estimated 35% in the last three decades. [37] A study published in 2019 described skillful mimicry of facial expressions by sun bears, with precision comparable to that seen in some primates (such as gorillas and humans). Nature Picture Library offers the best nature photographs and footage from the world's finest photographers, to license for commercial and creative use. [34] Births occur inside hollow tree cavities. The sun bear was first described in 1821 from Sumatra by British statesman Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles, who gave it the scientific name Ursus malayanus. Helarctos malayanus euryspilus Horsfield, 1825 Taxonomic Serial No. The tail is 3–7 cm (1–3 in) long. Sun bears become sexually mature at two to four years of age. The most arboreal (tree-living) of all bears, the sun bear is an excellent climber and sunbathes or sleeps in trees 2 to 7 metres (7 to 23 feet) above the ground. The major habitats in southern Thailand and peninsular Malaysia are moist evergreen forests, with more or less non-varying climate and heavy rainfall throughout the year, and low-lying or montane dipterocarp forests. It is the smallest bear, standing nearly 70 centimetres (28 inches) at the shoulder and weighing 25–65 kilograms (55–143 pounds). malayanus. Sun bears disappeared from Singapore, possibly due to extensive deforestation, during the 1800s and 1900s. Sun Bears on Borneo (Helarctos malayanus euryspilus) are sufficiently different from those on the Asian mainland and Sumatra, representing the typical form (H. m. malayanus), as to warrant subspecific differentiation (Meijaard 2004) [48] A study in Central Borneo revealed that sun bears play an important role in the seed dispersal of Canarium pilosum (a tree in the family Burseraceae). [45][46] They forage mostly at night. [49] Sun bears eat the centre of coconut palms, and crush oil-rich seeds such as acorns. [18] In 2002, Christopher Fitzgerald and Paul Krausman (of the American Society of Mammalogists) considered the sun bear monotypic. [3][37], Sun bears are found in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia; the range is bound by northeastern India to the north and extends south to southeast through Bangladesh, Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam in mainland Asia to Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia to the south. [3][8] Vocalisations include grunts and snuffles while foraging for insects, and roars similar to those of a male orangutan during the breeding season; less commonly they may give out short barks (like a rhinoceros) when they are surprised. [33] The head is large, broad and heavy in proportion to the body, but the ears are proportionately smaller; the palate is wide in proportion to the skull. [4][5] The generic name Helarctos comes from two Greek words: ήλιος (hēlios, 'related to the sun') and αρκτος (arctos, 'bear'). The sun bear is named so for its characteristic orange to cream coloured, crescent-like chest patch. Nature Picture Library offers the best nature photographs and footage from the world's finest photographers, to license for commercial and creative use. Sun bears tear open hollow trees with their long, sharp claws and teeth in search of wild bees and honey. [8][44] Vertebrates such as birds, deer, eggs and reptiles may be eaten occasionally. Cubs are kept on buttress roots at the base of trees until they learn how to walk and climb properly. [19] Noting the production of fertile hybrids between sun bears and sloth bears (Melursus ursinus), it was proposed that Helarctos be treated as a synonym of Melursus. [7][8] 'Honey bear' can also refer to the kinkajou. Mammal Species of the World: Information on euryspilus ... HOME --> CLASS MAMMALIA --> ORDER CARNIVORA --> SUBORDER CANIFORMIA --> FAMILY Ursidae --> GENUS Helarctos --> SPECIES malayanus SUBSPECIES Helarctos malayanus euryspilus. [65][68], The sun bear is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, and is included in CITES Appendix I. The sun bear is sympatric with the Asian black bear throughout the remaining areas in the mainland range featuring a mix of seasonal forest types, with monthly rainfall below 100 mm (4 in) for a long spell of three to seven months. More than 500,000 images and video clips online, from tigers to turtles and elephants to sharks. [28] The edges of the paws are tan or brown, and the soles are fur-less, which possibly is an adaptation for climbing trees. [50] Sun bears have been reported preying on poultry and livestock. Cubs younger than two months are dependent on external simulation for defecation. Helarctos malayanus euryspilus. [1][3], Sun bears tend to avoid heavily logged forests and areas close to human settlement. [1][41] Tigers are major predators; dholes and leopards have also been recorded preying on sun bears but cases are relatively fewer. [72], Bear from tropical forests of Southeast Asia, 10.1644/1545-1410(2002)696<0001:HM>2.0.CO;2, "XVII. Sun bears get their name from the characteristic orange to cream coloured chest patch. [3][8][26] It is stockily built, with large paws, strongly curved claws, small rounded ears and a short snout. Some individuals may even lack the patch. They do not seem to hibernate, possibly because food resources are available the whole year throughout the range. It is mainly active during the day, though nocturnality might be more common in areas frequented by humans. [27][32] The teeth are very large, especially the canines, and the bite force is high relative to its body size for reasons not well understood; a possible explanation could be its frequent opening of tropical hardwood trees with its powerful jaws and claws in pursuit of insects, larvae, or honey. [3][27] The characteristic chest patch, typically U-shaped but sometimes circular or spotlike, varies from orange or ochre-yellow to buff or cream, or even white. Helarctos malayanus euryspilus Horsfield, 1825. kingdom Animalia - animals » phylum Chordata - chordates » class Mammalia - mammals » order Carnivora - carnivores » family Ursidae - bears » genus Helarctos » species Helarctos malayanus - Malayan Sun Bear Bornean Sun Bear (Helarctos malayanus euryspilus) in Borneo, Malaysia - マレーグマ: comprar esta foto de stock y explorar imágenes similares en Adobe Stock [8][37] They consume figs in large amounts and eat them whole. The fur is generally jet-black, but can vary from grey to red. [54][55][56] However they have been seen in farmlands, plantations and orchards, where they may be considered vermin. A crest is seen on the sides of the neck and a whorl occurs in the centre of the breast patch. The brown bear/polar bear lineage was estimated to have diverged from the two black bears/sun bear lineage around 5.54 to 6.72 million years ago; the sun bear appears to have diverged from the two black bears 5.09–6.26 mya. Author: Horsfield, 1825. [3][26][29] The claws are sickle-shaped; the front claws are long and heavy. The Malayan Sun Bears weight can range from 60 to 145 pounds, with males being slightly larger. Descriptive catalogue of a zoological collection, made on account of the honourable East India Company, in the island of Sumatra and its vicinity, under the direction of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Lieutenant-Governor of Fort Marlborough; with additional notices illustrative of the natural history of those countries", "Craniometric differences among Malayan sun bears (, "Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation", "Survival strategies of a frugivore, the sun bear, in a forest-oil palm landscape", "Home range, movement and activity patterns, and bedding sites of Malayan sun bears, "Facial complexity in sun bears: Exact facial mimicry and social sensitivity", "Sun bears mimic each other's facial expressions to communicate", "Predation on sun bears by reticulated python in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo", "Food habits of Malayan Sun Bears in lowland tropical forests of Borneo", "Food habits of Malayan sun bears in lowland tropical forests of Borneo", "Reproductive timing and aseasonality in the sun bear (, "Predictive modeling and mapping of Malayan sun bear (, 10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0227:NOOPPU>2.0.CO;2, 10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0130:HBCIEK]2.0.CO;2, "Change in tropical forest cover of Southeast Asia from 1990 to 2010", "Human imposed threats to sun bears in Borneo", Pills, powders, vials and flakes: the bear bile trade in Asia, "Dismantling the "wall of death": emergency bear snare-line patrol in the Nam Kan National Protected Area, Lao PDR", "Malayan sun bear: bile trade threatens the world's smallest bear", "A review of the sun bear trade in Sarawak, Malaysia", The effects of selective logging on Malayan sun bears in lowland tropical rainforest of Borneo, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sun_bear&oldid=991441605, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 30 November 2020, at 02:12. The head-and-body length is between 100 and 140 centimetres (39 and 55 inches), and the shoulder height is nearly 70 cm (28 in). [61][62] A 2007 study in East Borneo recorded severe loss of habitat and food resources due to droughts and forest fires brought about by the El Niño. These bears are threatened by heavy deforestation and illegal hunting for food and the wildlife trade; they are also harmed in conflicts with humans when they enter farmlands, plantations and orchards. [25], The sun bear is the smallest of all bear species. [4][31], During feeding, the sun bear can extend its exceptionally long tongue by 20–25 cm (8–10 in) to extract insects and honey. Its unique morphology—inward-turned front feet, flattened chest, powerful forelimbs with large claws—suggests adaptations for climbing. [3], The phylogenetic relationships among ursid species have remained ambiguous over the years. [64] A report published by TRAFFIC in 2011 showed that sun bears, along with Asian black bears and brown bears, are specifically targeted for the bear bile trade in southeastern Asia, and are kept in bear farms in Laos, Vietnam, and Myanmar. However, this varies widely throughout the range; in India larger numbers have been recorded at an elevation of up to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) than in low-lying areas, probably due to habitat loss at ground level. Sun bear populations appear to decrease in size northward from Sundaland, and numbers are especially low in the northern and western extremes of the range. [10] In 1825, American naturalist Thomas Horsfield placed the species in a genus of its own, Helarctos. Si bien el oso malayo no es una especie en peligro de extinción si podemos afirmar que está en una situación vulnerable por la destrucción de su hábitat y la caza realizada por los humanos para el comercio, para alimentarse directamente con su carne o para uso medicinal así como por su famosa piel. Habitat fragmentation is on the rise particularly in Borneo, Sumatra and some areas of the mainland range. [71] Since that same year, the European breed registry for sun bears is kept in the Cologne Zoological Garden, Germany. [69], The Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre, founded by Wong Siew Te in Sabah (Malaysia) in 2008, aims to work for the welfare of sun bears rescued from poor conditions in captivity and spread awareness about their conservation. The sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) is a species in the family Ursidae occurring in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. [53] Sun bears are extinct in Singapore. Lifespan in captivity is generally over 20 years; one individual lived for nearly 31 years. - Nature Picture Library helarctos malayanus euryspilus Helarctos malayanus euryspilus is a subspecies of mammals with 14 observations The Malayan Sun Bear is referred by local people as the "dog bear." [63], During surveys in Kalimantan between 1994 and 1997, interviewees admitted to hunting sun bears and indicated that sun bear meat is eaten by indigenous people in several areas in Kalimantan. It is stockily built, with large paws, strongly curved claws, small rounded ears and a short snout. [37] Oil palms are nutritious but not enough for subsistence. Helarctos Malayanus Euryspilus ¿Está el oso malayo en peligro de extinción? The snout is grey, silver or orange. Being omnivores, sun bears have a broad diet including ants, bees, beetles, honey, termites and plant material such as seeds and several kinds of fruits; vertebrates such as birds and deer are also eaten occasionally. [8][3] Infants are greyish black with a pale brown or white snout and the chest patch is dirty white; the coat of older juveniles may be dark brown. The hair is silky and fine, and is the shortest of all bear species, suiting their hot tropical habitat. The fur is generally jet-black, but can vary from grey to red. Two subspecies have been proposed on the basis of variations in size: [1], These bears dwell primarily in two main types of forests throughout their range: deciduous and seasonally evergreen forests to the north of the Isthmus of Kra, and non-seasonal evergreen forests in Indonesia and Malaysia. Heavy deforestation (due to agriculture, logging and forest fires) and hunting for wildlife trade are severe threats throughout the range; human-bear conflicts are a relatively minor threat. [3][27] They are typically solitary but are sometimes seen in pairs (such as mothers and cubs). The global population is estimated to have declined by 35% over the past three decades. Mangroves may be inhabited, but usually only when they are close to preferred habitat types. [43], Sun bears are omnivores and feed on a broad variety of items such as ants, bees, beetles, honey, termites and plant material such as seeds and several kinds of fruits. [1] Population densities vary from 4.3 and 5.9 individuals per 100 km2 (39 sq mi) in Khao Yai National Park (Thailand) to 26 individuals per 100 km2 (39 sq mi) in the Harapan Rainforest in southern Sumatra. Home    Privacy Policy    Adults weigh 25–65 kilograms (55–143 pounds). [66] A study in Nagaland (northeastern India) recorded a sparse distribution of sun bears in the Fakim and Ntangki National Parks, and reported extensive illegal hunting for food and trade in bear parts. Login. [57][58] A survey in Lower Kinabatagan (Malaysia) published in 2017 showed that sun bears were feared but were not common in oil palm plantations; bearded pigs, elephants and macaques were far more damaging to crops. Note: Photos and resources on this site may be historical in nature and are intended for educational purposes only.Some of the items included in this list are historical, and may not currently be found at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. [4] Sun bears are noted for their intelligence; a captive bear observed sugar being stored in a cupboard then locked by a key, and later used its own claw to open the lock. This has possibly been the case since prehistoric times and is not a result of human interference. They are typically found at low altitudes, such as below 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in western Thailand and peninsular Malaysia. The underfur is particularly thick and black in adults, while the guard hairs are lighter. In 1825, American naturalist Thomas Horsfield placed the species in a genus of its own, Helarctos. [50], Sun bears are polyoestrous; births occur throughout the year. Nombre Científico: Registrada por: Helarctos malayanus euryspilus: Horsfield, 1825: Helarctos malayanus malayanus (Raffles, 1821) [20][21] However, studies differed on whether the two species were closely related. Geographic Range Information The range of the sun bear is bound by northeastern India to the north and extends south to southeast through Bangladesh, Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam in mainland Asia to Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia to the south. Numbers are especially low in Bangladesh and China, and populations in Vietnam are feared to decline severely by 50–80% in the next 30 years. The Malayan Sun Bears weight can range from 60 to 145 pounds, with males being slightly larger. [16][17] Genetic differences between the two subspecies are obscure. Contact Us    [70] The Malayan sun bears are part of an international captive-breeding program and a Species Survival Plan under the Association of Zoos and Aquariums since late 1994. [22][23] A 2007 phylogenetic study gives the relationships of the sun bear with other species of Ursidae based on complete mitochondrial DNA sequences as shown in the cladogram below. The Malayan Sun Bear is referred by local people as the "dog bear." Helarctos malayanus euryspilus. [59], In the past sun bears ranged from Borneo and Sumatra in the north and Assam in the northwest to northeastern Vietnam in the northeast and at least Yunnan Province (China) in the east. The researchers noted the need for further study to fully resolve the relationship. [39][40], Sun bears are shy and reclusive animals, and usually do not attack humans unless provoked to do so, or if they are injured or with their cubs; their timid nature led these bears to be tamed often and kept as pets in the past. [42] A wild female sun bear was swallowed by a large reticulated python in East Kalimantan. [1] They occupy home ranges of varying sizes in different areas, ranging from 7 to 27 square kilometres (2 1⁄2 to 10 1⁄2 square miles) in Borneo and peninsular Malaysia; a study in Ulu Segama Forest Reserve in Sabah (Malaysia) gave the sizes of ranges as 8.7–20.9 km2 (3 3⁄8–8 1⁄16 sq mi). EXPORT AS CSV . Helarctos malayanus euryspilus is a subspecies of mammals with 14 observations Today they have been eliminated from majority of their erstwhile range, especially in Thailand; populations are declining in most of the range countries. Helarctos malayanus Sun Bear Vulnerable Taxonomic Notes Sun bears on Borneo (Helarctos malayanus euryspilus) are sufficiently different from those on the Asian mainland and Sumatra, representing the typical form (H. m. malayanus), as to warrant subspecific differentiation (Meijaard 2004). Help    Mothers protect their cubs aggressively. In mountainous areas, Asian black bears are more common than sun bears, probably due to scarcity of invertebrates to feed on. - Nature Picture Library helarctos malayanus euryspilus [11] Two subspecies have been proposed on the basis of variations in size:[12][13], H. anmamiticus, described by Pierre Marie Heude in 1901 from Annam, is not considered a distinct species, but is subordinated (a junior synonym) to H. m. [1][3] Their presence in China was confirmed after years in 2017 when they were sighted in Yingjiang County of Yunnan Province (China). [67] Protective laws have shown little success in controlling these threats, especially due to poor execution and high potential for gains by the trade. Sun bears were killed by shooting or administering poison to protect coconut and snakefruit plantations in East Kalimantan. [47] In a study in the forests of Kalimantan, fruits of Moraceae, Burseraceae and Myrtaceae species made up more than 50% of the fruit diet; in times of fruit scarcity, sun bears switched to a more insectivorous diet. [1] With the exception of Sarawak (Malaysia) and Cambodia, the sun bear is legally protected from hunting in its whole range. They breed throughout the year; individuals become sexually mature at two to four years of age. Bedding sites consist mainly of fallen hollow logs, but they also rest in standing trees with cavities, in cavities underneath fallen logs or tree roots, and in tree branches high above the ground. [1][26] Compared to other continents, southeastern Asia has undergone severe depletion in forest cover over the past few decades (by almost 12% between 1990 and 2010); this has resulted in substantial habitat loss for forest-dependent species such as sun bears. A 2014 report documented rampant poaching and trade in sun bear parts in Sarawak, more than anywhere else in Malaysia; the researchers recommended stricter legislations in the state to protect local sun bears. [3][8] Sun bears do not seem to hibernate, possibly because food resources are available the whole year throughout the range.

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